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Review article

Gibberellin biosynthesis and its regulation

Peter Hedden, Stephen G. Thomas
Biochemical Journal May 15, 2012, 444 (1) 11-25; DOI: 10.1042/BJ20120245
Peter Hedden
Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, U.K.
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  • For correspondence: peter.hedden@rothamsted.ac.uk
Stephen G. Thomas
Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, U.K.
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Abstract

The GAs (gibberellins) comprise a large group of diterpenoid carboxylic acids that are ubiquitous in higher plants, in which certain members function as endogenous growth regulators, promoting organ expansion and developmental changes. These compounds are also produced by some species of lower plants, fungi and bacteria, although, in contrast to higher plants, the function of GAs in these organisms has only recently been investigated and is still unclear. In higher plants, GAs are synthesized by the action of terpene cyclases, cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases localized, respectively, in plastids, the endomembrane system and the cytosol. The concentration of biologically active GAs at their sites of action is tightly regulated and is moderated by numerous developmental and environmental cues. Recent research has focused on regulatory mechanisms, acting primarily on expression of the genes that encode the dioxygenases involved in biosynthesis and deactivation. The present review discusses the current state of knowledge on GA metabolism with particular emphasis on regulation, including the complex mechanisms for the maintenance of GA homoeostasis.

  • gibberellin biosynthesis
  • gibberellin deactivation
  • gibberellin homoeostasis
  • plant development

Abbreviations: ABA, abscisic acid; AG, AGAMOUS; AGF1, AT-hook protein of GA feedback 1; bHLH, basic helix–loop–helix; bZIP, basic leucine zipper; CBF, C-repeat-binding factor; CHO1, CHOTTO1; CPS, ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase; DAG1, DOF AFFECTING GERMINATION 1; DDF, DWARF AND DELAYED FLOWERING 1; DIF, difference between day temperature and night temperature; DOG1, DELAY OF GERMINATION 1; DRE, dehydration-response element; DREB, DRE-binding; EUI, ELONGATED UPPERMOST INTERNODE; FUS3, FUSCA3; GA, gibberellin; GA2ox, GA 2-oxidase; GA3ox, GA 3-oxidase; GA20ox, GA 20-oxidase; GAMT, GA methyl transferase; GGPP, trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate; GGPS, trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase; GID, GIBBERELLIN-INSENSITIVE DWARF; GUS, β-glucuronidase; HY5, ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5; JAZ, JASMONATE ZIM-domain protein; KAO, ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase; KNOX, KNOTTED-like homeobox; KO, ent-kaurene oxidase; KS, ent-kaurene synthase; MADS, MCM1 (minichromosome maintenance1), AGAMOUS, DEFICIENS and SRF (serum-response factor); LD, long day; LEC, LEAFY COTYLEDON; MS, male-sterile; ODD, 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase; P450, cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase; PCD, programmed cell death; PIF, PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR; PIL5, PIF3-LIKE 5; RGA, REPRESSOR OF ga1 (DELLA protein); RGL3, RGA-LIKE PROTEIN 3; RSG, REPRESSION OF SHOOT GROWTH; SCL3, SCARECROW-LIKE 3; SD, short day; SLR1, SLENDER1; SOM, SOMNUS; SPT, SPATULA; T-DNA, transferred DNA; YAB1, YABBY1

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May 2012

Volume: 444 Issue: 1

Biochemical Journal: 444 (1)
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Gibberellin biosynthesis and its regulation
Peter Hedden, Stephen G. Thomas
Biochemical Journal May 2012, 444 (1) 11-25; DOI: 10.1042/BJ20120245
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Gibberellin biosynthesis and its regulation
Peter Hedden, Stephen G. Thomas
Biochemical Journal May 2012, 444 (1) 11-25; DOI: 10.1042/BJ20120245

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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • INTRODUCTION
    • THE GA BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY
    • GIBBERELLIN DEACTIVATION
    • GIBBERELLIN CONJUGATES
    • REGULATION OF GA BIOSYNTHESIS
    • FUTURE PROSPECTS
    • FUNDING
    • References
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Keywords

gibberellin biosynthesis
gibberellin deactivation
gibberellin homoeostasis
plant development

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