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Research article

Organization on the plasma membrane of the retinitis pigmentosa protein RP2: investigation of association with detergent-resistant membranes and polarized sorting

J. Paul CHAPPLE, Celene GRAYSON, Alison J. HARDCASTLE, Tracey A. BAILEY, Karl MATTER, Peter ADAMSON, Catriona H. GRAHAM, Keith R. WILLISON, Michael E. CHEETHAM
Biochemical Journal Jun 01, 2003, 372 (2) 427-433; DOI: 10.1042/bj20021475
J. Paul CHAPPLE
Division of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, U.K.
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Celene GRAYSON
Division of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, U.K.
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Alison J. HARDCASTLE
Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, U.K.
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Tracey A. BAILEY
Division of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, U.K.
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Karl MATTER
Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, U.K.
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Peter ADAMSON
Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, U.K.
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Catriona H. GRAHAM
Molecular Neurobiology Group, New Hunt's House, GKT Medical and Dental School, London, U.K.
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Keith R. WILLISON
Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, U.K.
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Michael E. CHEETHAM
Division of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, U.K.
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Abstract

Mutations in the retinitis pigmentosa protein gene RP2 account for up to 15% of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. RP2 is a novel protein of unknown function, which is targeted to the plasma membrane by dual N-terminal acyl-modification. Dual-acylated proteins are targeted to lipid rafts, and some are subject to polarized sorting. Therefore we investigated the organization of RP2 on the plasma membrane. Endogenous RP2 protein was predominantly localized at the plasma membrane, and exogenously expressed green-fluorescent-protein-tagged protein was also targeted to the membrane in a wide range of cultured cells. High levels of endogenous RP2 protein were present in HeLa cells and in the retinal pigment epithelium-derived cell line ARPE19. A significant proportion of RP2 in cultured neuroblastoma cells was associated with detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), but much less than other dually acylated proteins (e.g. Lyn and Fyn). In contrast, the RP2-interacting protein Arl3 (ADP-ribosylation factor-like 3) was not found to be associated with DRMs. The association of RP2 with DRMs was cholesterol-dependent. In polarized epithelial cells in culture and in vivo, RP2 was present in both the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. These data show that RP2 is not specific to either domain, unlike some other dually acylated proteins. Interestingly, the level of RP2 protein increased in the epithelial cell line Caco-2 with differentiation and polarization. These data show that RP2 is present on the membrane of all cell types examined both in vitro and in vivo, and that RP2 associates with lipid rafts, suggesting a potential role for the protein in signal transduction.

  • dual acylation
  • lipid raft
  • protein targeting
  • retinal degeneration
  • tubulin-folding cofactor

Footnotes

  • ↵1 These authors contributed equally to this work.

  • Abbreviations used: Arl2/3, ADP-ribosylation factor-like 2 or 3 protein respectively; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; DRM, detergent-resistant membrane; GFP, green fluorescent protein; GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol; MDCK, Madin–Darby canine kidney; PAT, palmitoyl acyltransferase; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; RPGR, retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator; TBS, Tris-buffered saline; XLRP, X-linked retinitis pigmentosa.

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June 2003

Volume: 372 Issue: 2

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Organization on the plasma membrane of the retinitis pigmentosa protein RP2: investigation of association with detergent-resistant membranes and polarized sorting
J. Paul CHAPPLE, Celene GRAYSON, Alison J. HARDCASTLE, Tracey A. BAILEY, Karl MATTER, Peter ADAMSON, Catriona H. GRAHAM, Keith R. WILLISON, Michael E. CHEETHAM
Biochemical Journal Jun 2003, 372 (2) 427-433; DOI: 10.1042/bj20021475
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Organization on the plasma membrane of the retinitis pigmentosa protein RP2: investigation of association with detergent-resistant membranes and polarized sorting
J. Paul CHAPPLE, Celene GRAYSON, Alison J. HARDCASTLE, Tracey A. BAILEY, Karl MATTER, Peter ADAMSON, Catriona H. GRAHAM, Keith R. WILLISON, Michael E. CHEETHAM
Biochemical Journal Jun 2003, 372 (2) 427-433; DOI: 10.1042/bj20021475

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Keywords

dual acylation
lipid raft
protein targeting
retinal degeneration
tubulin-folding cofactor

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